Background and Aim: Consumption of the epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of the epidermis with attenuation of the basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: The age, gender, localization of the lesion and the histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to other studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in the acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and other prognostic factors were found.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Today power consumption is considered to be one of the important issues. Therefore, its reduction plays a considerable role in developing systems. Previous studies have shown that approximately 50% of total power consumption is used in cache memories. There is a direct relationship between power consumption and replacement quantity made in cache. The less the number of replacements is, the less the power consumption is. In this paper, a mechanism was proposed a mechanism to reduce power consumption using full associative organization and layered replacement algorithm. In this scheme, all cache blocks were divided into three layers. Final layer used FIFO replacement algorithm and middle layer used random replacement algorithm. Also first layer used LRU replacement algorithm. Simulation results were shown using tools written by VB language that in the proposed plan the number of replacement was less than 8-way associative using LRU replacement algorithm.

The significant impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on Greenhouse Gas emissions has caused a considerable research interest in energy management of network devices in recent years. As the amount of power consumption in routers and switches is a function of their working frequency, one approach to energy saving is to adapt working frequency of such devices dynamically and proportional to their traffic load. This paper describes this approach in Software Defined Networking (SDN) framework by proposing a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation for a network of FPGA based interconnected Openflow switches. The prerequisite information of switch power profile is obtained by running experimental tests. The proposed method is applied to an infrastructural dataset extracted from the standard SNDlib database. Simulation results show that frequency scaling technique reduces power consumption by more than 37% in comparison to other well-known power-saving approaches.

With the advancements in mobile technology and its utilization in every facet of life, mobile popularity has enhanced exponentially. The biggest constraint in the utility of mobile devices is that they are powered with batteries. Optimizing mobile’ s size and weight is always the choice of designer, which led limited size and capacity of battery used in mobile phone. In this paper analysis of the energy consumption of some popular mobile apps is done using data mining technique. A large variety of mobile apps with differently functionality are executed on a smart phone. The power consumption of these apps is measured using Power Tutor. For holistic analysis these mobile apps are executed in different environment, which are created by varying the setting and internet facilities. Fuzzy Clustering approach is used to club the mobile apps based on similarity of the behaviour with respect to power consumption. Power consumption behaviour for each cluster and apps lying in overlapping zone is discussed in detail. The study gives the insight that power need of an app is dependent on the environment and code which can be used by app developers for creating an optimized energy app.

In order to solve the complex decision-making problems, there are many approaches and systems based on the fuzzy theory were proposed. In 1998, Smarandache introduced the concept of single-valued neutrosophic set as a complete development of fuzzy theory. In this paper, we research on the distance measure between single-valued neutrosophic sets based on the H-max measure of Ngan et al. [8]. The proposed measure is also a distance measure between picture fuzzy sets which was introduced by Cuong in 2013 [15]. Based on the proposed measure, an Adaptive Neuro Picture Fuzzy Inference System (ANPFIS) is built and applied to the decision making for the link states in interconnection networks. In experimental evaluation on the real datasets taken from the UPV (Universitat Politè cnica de Valè ncia) university, the performance of the proposed model is better than that of the related fuzzy methods.

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, power consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-power. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

This paper presents a new method to reduce consumption power in flash ADC in 65nm CMOS technology. This method indicates a considerable reduction in consumption power, by removing comparators memories. The simulations used a frequency of 1 GHZ, resulting in decreased consumption power by approximately 90% for different processing corners. In addition, in this paper the proposed method was designed using interpolation technique for purpose of promoting the performance as well as decreasing the class of chip. The simulation results indicate that the consumption power for interpolation technique was decreased by approximately 5% compared to the proposed method. Also, we compare the results of the proposed technique with those of convertors frequently referred in other studies. The results show that the consumption power is considerably decreased, using the proposed technique.